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<title>Musical composition</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Musical composition</span></span>

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<p><b>Musical composition</b> can refer to an <a href="Originality" title="Originality">original</a> <b>piece</b> or work of <a href="Music" title="Music">music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either <a href="Human_voice" title="Human voice">vocal</a> or <a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrumental</a>, the <a href="Musical_form" title="Musical form">structure</a> of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called <a href="Composer" title="Composer">composers</a>. Composers of primarily <a href="Song" title="Song">songs</a> are usually called <a href="Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a>; with songs, the person who writes <a href="Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> for a song is the <a href="Lyricist" title="Lyricist">lyricist</a>. In many cultures, including Western <a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, the act of composing typically includes the creation of <a href="Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>, such as a <a href="Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music "score"</a>, which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In <a href="Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> and <a href="Folk_music" title="Folk music">traditional music</a>, songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the <a href="Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">lead sheet</a>, which sets out the <a href="Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, <a href="Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> and chord progression. In classical music, <a href="Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> (choosing the instruments of a large <a href="Music_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Music ensemble">music ensemble</a> such as an <a href="Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> which will play the different parts of music, such as the melody, <a href="Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>, <a href="Countermelody" class="mw-redirect" title="Countermelody">countermelody</a>, <a href="Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in <a href="Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> and in <a href="Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, songwriters may hire an <a href="Arranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranger">arranger</a> to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and popular music, notable <a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a> by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in <a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>.

</p><p>Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when all members of a band collaborate to write a song or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics and a third person orchestrates the songs.

</p><p>A piece of music can also be composed with words, images or, since the 20th century, with <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from <a href="20th_century_music" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century music">20th century</a> <a href="Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a> that uses <a href="Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">graphic notation</a>, to text compositions such as <a href="Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>'s <i><a href="Aus_den_sieben_Tagen" title="Aus den sieben Tagen">Aus den sieben Tagen</a></i>, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called <a href="Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric music</a> and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as <a href="John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a> and <a href="Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>. A more commonly known example of chance-based, or indeterminate, music is the sound of <a href="Wind_chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind chimes">wind chimes</a> jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces, and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of <a href="Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> performers and African percussionists such as <a href="Ewe_drumming" title="Ewe drumming">Ewe drummers</a>.

</p><p>In the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each <a href="Aspect_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect of music">aspect of music</a> (<a href="Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, melody, form, <a href="Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> and <a href="Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>), according to <a href="Jean-Benjamin_de_La_Borde" title="Jean-Benjamin de La Borde">Jean-Benjamin de</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaborde1780">Laborde (1780</a>, 2:12):

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Composition</i> consists in two things only. The first is the ordering and disposing of several sounds...in such a manner that their succession pleases the ear. This is what the Ancients called <i>melody</i>. The second is the rendering audible of two or more simultaneous sounds in such a manner that their combination is pleasant. This is what we call <i>harmony</i> and it alone merits the name of composition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<p>Since the invention of <a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, a classical piece or popular song may exist as a recording. If music is composed before being performed, music can be performed from memory (the norm for instrumental soloists in <a href="Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> performances and singers in <a href="Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> shows and <a href="Art_song" title="Art song">art song</a> recitals), by reading written musical notation (the norm in large ensembles, such as orchestras, <a href="Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a> and <a href="Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a>), or through a combination of both methods. For example, the principal cello player in an orchestra may read most of the <a href="Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> parts in a symphony, where she is playing tutti parts, but then memorize an exposed solo, in order to be able to watch the <a href="Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. Compositions comprise a huge variety of musical elements, which vary widely from between genres and cultures. Popular music genres after about 1960 make extensive use of electric and electronic instruments, such as <a href="Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and <a href="Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a>. Electric and electronic instruments are used in <a href="Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a> compositions and concerts, albeit to a lesser degree than in popular music. Music from the <a href="Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> era (1600–1750), for example, used only acoustic and mechanical instruments such as strings, brass, woodwinds, timpani and keyboard instruments such as <a href="Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and <a href="Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>. A 2000s-era pop band may use an <a href="Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> played with <a href="Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">electronic effects</a> through a <a href="Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>, a digital <a href="Synthesizer_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizer keyboard">synthesizer keyboard</a> and <a href="Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">electronic drums</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piece">Piece</h3></div>

<p><i>Piece</i> is a "general, non-technical term [that began to be] applied mainly to instrumental compositions from the 17th century onwards....other than when they are taken individually 'piece' and its equivalents are rarely used of movements in sonatas or symphonies....composers have used all these terms [in their different languages] frequently in compound forms [e.g. Klavierstück]....In vocal music...the term is most frequently used for operatic ensembles..."<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_musical_form">As a musical form</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Musical_form" title="Musical form">Musical form</a></div>

<p>Composition techniques draw parallels from visual art's <a href="Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">formal elements</a>. Sometimes, the entire form of a piece is <a href="Through-composed" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-composed">through-composed</a>, meaning that each part is different, with no repetition of sections; other forms include <a href="Strophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Strophic">strophic</a>, <a href="Rondo" title="Rondo">rondo</a>, <a href="Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">verse-chorus</a>, and others. Some pieces are composed around a set <a href="Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</a>, where the compositional technique might be considered the usage of a particular scale. Others are composed during performance (see <a href="Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>), where a variety of techniques are also sometimes used. Some are used from particular songs which are familiar.

</p><p>The scale for the <a href="Note_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Note (music)">notes</a> used, including the <a href="Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">mode</a> and <a href="Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> note, is important in <a href="Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> musical composition. Similarly, music of the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> employs compositions that are rigidly based on a specific mode (<a href="Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a>) often within <a href="Taqsim" title="Taqsim">improvisational contexts</a>, as does <a href="Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> in both the <a href="Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a> and the <a href="Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_methods">Computer methods</h3></div>

<p>As technology has developed in the 20th and 21st century, new methods of music composition have come about. <a href="EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> headsets have also been used to create music by interpreting the brainwaves of musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method has been used for Project Mindtunes,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which involved collaborating disabled musicians with DJ Fresh, and also by artists Lisa Park and Masaki Batoh.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositional_instrumentation">Compositional instrumentation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">Instrumentation (music)</a> and <a href="Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">Arrangement (music)</a></div>

<p>The task of adapting a composition for different <a href="Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensembles</a> is called <a href="Arrangement" title="Arrangement">arranging</a> or <a href="Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a>, may be undertaken by the composer or separately by an arranger based on the composer's core composition. Based on such factors, composers, orchestrators, and arrangers must decide upon the instrumentation of the original work. In the 2020s, the <a href="Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary</a> composer can virtually write for almost any combination of instruments, ranging from a <a href="String_section" title="String section">string section</a>, wind and brass sections used in a standard <a href="Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a> to electronic instruments such as <a href="Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>. Some common group settings include music for full <a href="Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> (consisting of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion), <a href="Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a> (which consists of larger sections and greater diversity of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments than are usually found in the orchestra), or a chamber group (a small number of instruments, but at least two). The composer may also choose to write for only one instrument, in which case this is called a <a href="Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">solo</a>. Solos may be unaccompanied, as with works for solo piano or solo cello, or solos may be accompanied by another instrument or by an ensemble.

</p><p>Composers are not limited to writing only for instruments, they may also decide to write for <a href="Human_voice" title="Human voice">voice</a> (including <a href="Choral" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral">choral</a> works, some symphonies, <a href="Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, and <a href="Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a>). Composers can also write for <a href="Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> or <a href="Electronic_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instrument">electronic instruments</a>. Alternatively, as is the case with <a href="Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a>, the composer can work with many sounds often not associated with the creation of music, such as <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>, <a href="Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">sirens</a>, and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Elizabeth_Swados" title="Elizabeth Swados">Elizabeth Swados</a>' <i>Listening Out Loud</i>, she explains how a composer must know the full capabilities of each instrument and how they must complement each other, not compete. She gives an example of how in an earlier composition of hers, she had the tuba playing with the piccolo. This would clearly drown the piccolo out. Each instrument chosen to be in a piece must have a reason for being there that adds to what the composer is trying to convey within the work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arranging">Arranging</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></div>

<p>Arranging is composition which employs prior material so as to comment upon it such as in <a href="Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">mash-ups</a> and various contemporary classical works.<sup id="cite_ref-BaileyShea_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaileyShea-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2></div>

<p>Even when music is notated relatively precisely, as in Western classical music from the 1750s onwards, there are many decisions that a performer or conductor has to make, because notation does not specify all of the elements of musical performance. The process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' or conductor's interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or <a href="Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">phrasing</a> of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their own music in a concert are interpreting their songs, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as <a href="Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">performance practice</a>, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_and_legal_status">Copyright and legal status</h2></div>

<p><a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> is a government-granted <a href="Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> which, for a limited time, gives a composition's owner—such as a composer or a composer's employer, in the case of <a href="Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>—a set of exclusive rights to the composition, such as the exclusive right to publish <a href="Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> describing the composition and how it should be performed. Copyright requires anyone else wanting to use the composition in the same ways to obtain a license (permission) from the owner. In some jurisdictions, the composer can <a href="Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">assign copyright</a>, in part, to another party. Often, composers who are not <a href="Doing_business_as" class="mw-redirect" title="Doing business as">doing business as</a> publishing companies themselves will temporarily assign their copyright interests to formal publishing companies, granting those companies a license to control both the publication and the further licensing of the composer's work. <a href="Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a> law, not copyright law, governs these composer–publisher contracts, which ordinarily involve an agreement on how profits from the publisher's activities related to the work will be shared with the composer in the form of <a href="Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a>.

</p><p>The scope of copyright in general is defined by various international treaties and their implementations, which take the form of national <a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutes</a>, and in <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions, <a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">case law</a>. These agreements and corresponding body of law distinguish between the rights applicable to sound recordings and the rights applicable to compositions. For example, <a href="Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">9th Symphony</a> is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, but in most of the world, recordings of particular performances of that composition usually are not. For copyright purposes, <a href="Song_lyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Song lyrics">song lyrics</a> and other performed words are considered part of the composition, even though they may have different authors and copyright owners than the non-lyrical elements. Many jurisdictions allow for <a href="Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory licensing</a> of certain uses of compositions. For example, copyright law may allow a record company to pay a modest fee to a <a href="Copyright_collective" title="Copyright collective">copyright collective</a> to which the composer or publisher belongs, in exchange for the right to make and distribute CDs containing a <a href="Cover_band" title="Cover band">cover band</a>'s performance of the composer or publisher's compositions. The license is "compulsory" because the copyright owner cannot refuse or set terms for the license. Copyright collectives also typically manage the licensing of public performances of compositions, whether by live musicians or by transmitting sound recordings over radio or the Internet.

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<p>Even though the first US copyright laws did not include musical compositions, they were added as part of the <a href="Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a>. According to a circular issued by the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> on Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings, a musical composition is defined as "A musical composition consists of music, including any accompanying words, and is normally registered as a work of the performing arts. The author of a musical composition is generally the composer, and the lyricists if any. A musical composition may be in the form of a notated copy (for example sheet music) or in the form of a phonorecord (for example cassette tape, LP, or CD). Sending a musical composition in the form of a phonorecord does not necessarily mean that there is a claim to copyright in the sound recording."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p><i><a href="Copyright%2C_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a></i> defines a musical work to mean "a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_India">In India</h3></div>

<p>In India The Copy Right Act, 1957 prevailed for original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work until the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1984 was introduced. Under the amended act, a new definition has been provided for musical work which states "musical works means a work consisting of music and included any graphical notation of such work but does not included any words or any action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music."<sup id="cite_ref-DAS2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAS2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are several platforms offering music composition services online.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="BCM_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="BCM Classification">BCM Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">Developing variation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dickinson_classification" title="Dickinson classification">Dickinson classification</a></li>

<li><a href="MIDI_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDI composition">MIDI composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_manuscript" title="Music manuscript">Music manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">Music publisher (popular music)</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9pertoire_International_des_Sources_Musicales" title="Répertoire International des Sources Musicales">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales</a> (RISM)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/prereg/music.html">"Musical Composition"</a>. <i>www.copyright.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from Allen Forte, <i>Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice</i>, third edition (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979), p.1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-03-020756-8</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Grove-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilmouth, Michael. 1980. "Piece". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, first edition, 20 vols., edited by Stanley Sadie, Vol. 14: 735. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56159-174-2</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNarayan2004" class="citation book cs1">Narayan, Shovana (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVNQAAAAMAAJ&q=Hindustani+and+the+Carnatic+system+maqam"><i>Indian Theatre And Dance Traditions</i></a>. Harman Publishing House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788186622612</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523175221/http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2015/05/19/making-music-with-eeg-technology-translate-brainwaves-into-sonic-soundscapes/">"Making Music With EEG Technology: Translate Brainwaves Into Sonic Soundscapes"</a>. <i>FAMEMAGAZINE</i>. 19 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2015/05/19/making-music-with-eeg-technology-translate-brainwaves-into-sonic-soundscapes/">the original</a> on 23 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgfxKZiSCDQ"><i>DJ Fresh & Mindtunes: A track created only by the mind (Documentary)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJune_20202020" class="citation web cs1">June 2020, Future Music03 (3 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-musique-concrete">"Everything you need to know about: Musique concrète"</a>. <i>MusicRadar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwados1988" class="citation book cs1">Swados, Elizabeth (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKoYAQAAIAAJ"><i>Listening Out Loud: Becoming a Composer</i></a> (first ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-015992-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BaileyShea-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaileyShea_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BaileyShea, Matt (2007), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mto.societymusictheory.org/issues/mto.07.13.4/mto.07.13.4.baileyshea.html#FN3REF">Filleted Mignon: A New Recipe for Analysis and Recomposition</a>", <i>Music Theory Online</i> Volume 13, Number 4, December 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006182111/http://copyright.gov/circs/circ56a.pdf">"Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings. Circular 56A, number 56a.0509"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Copyright Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ56a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/3">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1988.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-DAS2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAS2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJATINDRA_KUMAR_DAS2015" class="citation book cs1">JATINDRA KUMAR DAS (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eniCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>LAW OF COPYRIGHT</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>64. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-203-5090-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carry A Tune Studio. "Music Composition Services – Professional Custom Music Creation Online". <i>carryatune.in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.carryatune.in/music-composition/">[1]</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaborde1780"><a href="Jean-Benjamin_de_La_Borde" title="Jean-Benjamin de La Borde">Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de</a>. 1780. <i>Essai sur la musique Ancienne et moderne</i>, 4 vols. Paris: Ph.D. Pierres & Eugène Onfroy.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Sorce Keller, Marcello. 1998. "Siamo tutti compositori. Alcune riflessioni sulla distribuzione sociale del processo compositivo". <i>Schweizer Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft</i>, Neue Folge 18:259–330.</li>

<li>Sorce Keller, Marcello. 2019 "Composition", Janet Sturman (ed.) <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Music and Culture</i>. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference, 2019, Vol. II, 618–623.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Musical_compositions" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Musical compositions">Musical compositions</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofcomposing.com/how-to-compose-music-101">How to Compose Music</a> – artofcomposing.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compositiontoday.com/">Composition Today</a> – news, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814111659/https://www.bsmny.org/icp/a4ty09/">Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music</a> – an online performance and documentary feature from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsmny.org/">Bloomingdale School of Music</a> (January 2010)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521185440/http://www.bsmny.org/exploring-music/features/practical-guides/a-beginners-guide-to-composing/">A Beginner's Guide to Composing</a> – an online feature from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsmny.org/">Bloomingdale School of Music</a> (February 2008)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alanbelkinmusic.com/bk/index.html">A Practical Guide to Musical Composition</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.composersnewpencil.com/">ComposersNewPencil</a> – Information, articles and music composition resources.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721231045/http://www.learn-piano.org/compose-music.html">How to compose music</a> by learn-piano.org</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Compose-Music">How to compose Music</a> by Wikihow</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rism.info/">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales</a> – online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quiescencemusic.com/composemusic.html">How to Compose for New Age Piano</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uremusic.com/2015-01-23-04-39-27.html">Composing Music</a></li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="Musical_composition_and_song61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> and <a href="Song" title="Song">song</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a>

<li><a href="Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li>

<li><a href="Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a></li>

<li><a href="Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">Singer-songwriter</a></li>

<li><a href="Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">Hymnwriter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">Instrumentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_libretto" title="Electronic libretto">Electronic libretto</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_form" title="Musical form">Musical form</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestration</a></li>

<li><a href="Song_cycle" title="Song cycle">Song cycle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Answer_song" title="Answer song">Answer song</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a>

<ul><li><a href="Execution_ballad" title="Execution ballad">Execution ballad</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder ballad</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Children's_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a>

<ul><li><a href="Campfire_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Campfire song">Campfire song</a></li>

<li><a href="Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">Cumulative song</a></li>

<li><a href="Repetitive_song" title="Repetitive song">Repetitive song</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Advent_song" title="Advent song">Advent song</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">Sleeper hit</a></li>

<li><a href="Summer_hit" title="Summer hit">Summer hit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instrumental" title="Instrumental">Instrumental</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Torch_song" title="Torch song">Torch song</a></li>

<li><a href="Breakup_song" title="Breakup song">Breakup song</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty song</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nonsense_song" title="Nonsense song">Nonsense song</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li>

<li><a href="Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_song" title="Revolutionary song">Political or revolutionary song</a>

<ul><li><a href="Campaign_song" title="Campaign song">Campaign song</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom song</a></li>

<li><a href="Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_signature_songs" title="List of signature songs">Signature song</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fight_song" title="Fight song">Fight song</a></li>

<li><a href="Football_chant" title="Football chant">Football chant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme song</a></li>

<li><a href="Teenage_tragedy_song" title="Teenage tragedy song">Tragedy song</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanty</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_techniques310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musical_techniques310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Musical techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Finger vibrato</a></li>

<li><a href="Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">Intonation</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiphonic" title="Multiphonic">Multiphonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">Phrasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li>

<li><a href="Position_(music)" title="Position (music)">Position</a></li>

<li><a href="Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li>

<li><a href="Stopped_note" title="Stopped note">Stopped note</a></li>

<li><a href="Thumb_position" title="Thumb position">Thumb position</a></li>

<li><a href="Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Saxophone_technique" title="Saxophone technique">Saxophone technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_breathing" title="Circular breathing">Circular breathing</a></li>

<li><a href="Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li>

<li><a href="Flutter-tonguing" title="Flutter-tonguing">Flutter-tonguing</a></li>

<li><a href="Growling_(wind_instruments)" title="Growling (wind instruments)">Growling</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonica_techniques" title="Harmonica techniques">Harmonica technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Overblowing" title="Overblowing">Overblowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slap_tonguing" title="Slap tonguing">Slap tonguing</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_tone" title="Split tone">Split tone</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Piano_extended_techniques" title="Piano extended techniques">Piano extended techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tapping_(piano)" title="Finger tapping (piano)">Finger tapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Luth%C3%A9al" title="Luthéal">Luthéal</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-hand_effect" title="Three-hand effect">Three-hand technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li>

<li><a href="String_piano" title="String piano">String piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed string instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bowed_string_instrument_extended_technique" title="Bowed string instrument extended technique">Bowed string instrument extended technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Violin technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Cello_technique" title="Cello technique">Cello technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bart%C3%B3k_pizzicato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartók pizzicato">Bartók pizz.</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_bowing" title="Free bowing">Free bowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Downpicking" title="Downpicking">Downpicking</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingerstyle_guitar" title="Fingerstyle guitar">Fingerstyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Flatpicking" title="Flatpicking">Flatpicking</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">Picking</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_picking" title="Hybrid picking">Hybrid picking</a></li>

<li><a href="String_bending" title="String bending">String bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Tambour_(guitar_technique)" title="Tambour (guitar technique)">Tambour</a></li>

<li><a href="3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">Third bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prepared_harp" title="Prepared harp">Prepared harp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Snare_drum_technique" title="Snare drum technique">Snare drum technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Burton_grip" title="Burton grip">Burton grip</a></li>

<li><a href="Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li>

<li><a href="Stevens_grip" title="Stevens grip">Stevens grip</a></li>

<li><a href="Rimshot" title="Rimshot">Rimshot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Human voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Extended_vocal_technique" title="Extended vocal technique">Extended vocal technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li>

<li><a href="Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%89tude" title="Étude">Étude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Musical performance techniques</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_theory43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Music_theory43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_analysis" title="Musical analysis">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Elements_of_music" title="Elements of music">Aspects</a></li>

<li><a href="Definition_of_music" title="Definition of music">Definition</a><br></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Set theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">Tuning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_music_theorists" title="List of music theorists">List of music theorists</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music974" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Music974" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li>

<li><a href="Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li>

<li><a href="Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li>

<li><a href="Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li>

<li><a href="Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li>

<li><a href="Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li>

<li><a href="Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li>

<li><a href="Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li>

<li><a href="Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br>music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li>

<li><a href="Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li>

<li><a href="Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li>

<li><a href="Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li>

<li><a href="Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li>

<li><a href="Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li>

<li><a href="All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li>

<li><a href="Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a>

<li><a href="Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li>

<li><a href="Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li>

<li><a href="Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br>regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a>

<ul><li>Central</li>

<li><a href="Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li>

<li>Southern</li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li>

<li>South</li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li>

<li>European

<ul><li><a href="Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a>

<ul><li>Central American</li>

<li>South American</li></ul></li>

<li>North American

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Oceanian

<ul><li><a href="Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="8129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Timor-Leste" title="Music of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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<li><a href="Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Music and exercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_sleep" title="Music and sleep">Music and sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_escapism" title="Musical escapism">Musical escapism</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a>

<ul><li><a href="Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMusic" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ARecord_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133320-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Musical_composition&oldid=1303851238">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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